The cardinal feature of type 2 diabetes is chronically elevated blood glucose concentrations however, to categorize it as “type 2 diabetes,” the clinician must exclude autoimmunity, pregnancy, pancreatic disease or injury, and rare syndromic or genetic forms of diabetes. The etiology, clinical presentation, and consequences of type 2 diabetes can vary greatly from one patient to the next, complicating the prevention and management of the disease.
We also discuss recently presented paradigms through which complex data might enhance our understanding of diabetes and ultimately our ability to tackle the disease more effectively than ever before. This emerging area is broadly termed “precision medicine.” In this Perspective, we give an overview of the evidence and barriers to the development and implementation of precision medicine in type 2 diabetes. Identifying hidden structures within these complex data sets and linking these structures to outcome data may yield unique insights into the risk factors and natural history of diabetes, which in turn may help optimize the prevention and management of the disease. Collectively, these advances are creating unprecedented opportunities to better understand diabetes and many other complex traits. The detailed characterization of human biology and behaviors is now possible at scale owing to innovations in biomarkers, bioimaging, and wearable technologies “big data” from electronic medical records, health insurance databases, and other platforms becoming increasingly accessible and rapidly evolving computational power and bioinformatics methods. Institutional Subscriptions and Site Licenses.Special Edition Series: Disrupting Therapeutic Inertia in Diabetes Management.Special Edition: SGLT2 Inhibitors and Diabetic Kidney Disease.Special Edition Series: SGLT2 Inhibitors in Type 2 Diabetes: Cardiovascular and Renal Outcomes.Special Edition Series: Diabetes and Influenza.Special Edition: Painful Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy.Special Edition Series: COVID-19 and Diabetes.
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